Doctors in Fort Worth, TX
2965 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 16 of 50.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Mohammed Haque, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $14.76 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$14.76
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 64th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Mohammed Haque do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Luis Vargas, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $127.36 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$127.36
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 81th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Luis Vargas do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Janet Henderson, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Hardie, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Bayouth, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $12,515 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$12,515
Total received
10
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to John Bayouth do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Martha Guerra, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $436.80 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$436.80
Total received
19
Transactions
6
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Martha Guerra do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Luis Martinez, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Lovett, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Holmes, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Brooks, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $19.14 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$19.14
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 50th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Michael Brooks do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Daniel Ziegler, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $337.57 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$337.57
Total received
11
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 75th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Daniel Ziegler do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ingrid Kohlmorgen, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Mcreynolds, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Herd, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $185.45 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$185.45
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to James Herd do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Richards, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Tracy Munford, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michelle Torres, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $32.16 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$32.16
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Michelle Torres do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Dorris Morrissette, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Harry Rosenthal, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Briscoe, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Rutledge, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Parker, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mark Bernhard, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $328.65 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$328.65
Total received
9
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Mark Bernhard do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Richard Schuster, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Watson, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Box, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Trisha Smith, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $70.52 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$70.52
Total received
3
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Trisha Smith do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Daniel Sneed, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $20.31 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$20.31
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Daniel Sneed do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jeffrey Detweiler, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Anthony Stuart, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $16.79 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$16.79
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 73th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Anthony Stuart do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ellis Minton, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $121.91 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$121.91
Total received
7
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Ellis Minton do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Harry Dollahite, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mark Richardson, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $34.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$34.00
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 80th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Mark Richardson do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Brian Wasson, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $98.89 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$98.89
Total received
5
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 79th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Brian Wasson do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lance Trahern, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $271.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$271.43
Total received
5
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 94% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Lance Trahern do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ancieta Velky, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Buie, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Maxi Chousand, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Rosemary Detweiler, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Timothy Kremer, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $112.46 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$112.46
Total received
7
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Timothy Kremer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Abdolreza Siadati, MD
Neurological Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $211.27 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$211.27
Total received
5
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 8,465 neurological surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 62% received any industry payment (median $654 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 57th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurological surgery doctors.
Payments to Abdolreza Siadati do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Errol Bryce, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $280.72 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$280.72
Total received
16
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Errol Bryce do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Rajesh Gandhi, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $107,836 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$107,836
Total received
17
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Rajesh Gandhi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Prasanna Kumar, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Susan Mcneil, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Frood Eelani, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $84.96 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$84.96
Total received
4
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 75th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Frood Eelani do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Cotter, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Simonak, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $78.67 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$78.67
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 78th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to David Simonak do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Moses, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $18.51 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$18.51
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 74th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to John Moses do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Shin, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $337.04 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$337.04
Total received
10
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to James Shin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Richard Fulkerson, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Haynes, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $476.51 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$476.51
Total received
7
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 90% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to John Haynes do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jorge Pinilla, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Cecilia Prieto, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Matthew Rios, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ngoc Tran, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $32.59 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$32.59
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Ngoc Tran do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Richard Young, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Judith Maples, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Eugene Pace, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Srinivas Puli, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $4,375 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$4,375
Total received
30
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Srinivas Puli do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.