Doctors in Newark, NJ
1036 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 13 of 18.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Verify a license at the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners
Dr. Monica Pajdak, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Livinus Adibe, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Madheea Siddiqi, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Davina Etwaru, MD
Psychiatry
CMS Open Payments· $14.31 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$14.31
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 57,336 psychiatry doctors we've analyzed, about 24% received any industry payment (median $180 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US psychiatry doctors.
Payments to Davina Etwaru do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Harshad Chaudhari, MD
Nephrology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sagy Grinberg, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Dustin St. George, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Safiyya Quintiliani, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· $549.04 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$549.04
Total received
21
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,317 pulmonary disease doctors we've analyzed, about 54% received any industry payment (median $474 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 74th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pulmonary disease doctors.
Payments to Safiyya Quintiliani do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Pariket Dubal, DO
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Faiz Afridi, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· $732.57 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$732.57
Total received
38
Transactions
16
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 17,272 gastroenterology doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $623 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US gastroenterology doctors.
Payments to Faiz Afridi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Karim Akl, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $47.14 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$47.14
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Karim Akl do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Tobi Ogundare, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $180.25 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$180.25
Total received
11
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 81th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Tobi Ogundare do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Pooja Desai, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $337.30 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$337.30
Total received
3
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Pooja Desai do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Nikki Castel, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Monica Cativo, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Chanel Thompson-Rogers, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Dhaval Swaminarayan, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $261.76 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$261.76
Total received
12
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 81th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Dhaval Swaminarayan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jisha Jacob, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $13.71 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$13.71
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Jisha Jacob do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jamal Mcfarlane, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ariel Sena, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mary O'Connor, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Bryant Gray, DO
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Hope-Elizabeth Clennon, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Matthew Steenberg, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jimmy Hanna, MD
Sleep Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ahmed Abu Taleb, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Rima Rana, DO
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $124.09 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$124.09
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Rima Rana do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Zhiwei Yin, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Shruti Banugaria, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Fariha Ilyas, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $145.90 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$145.90
Total received
7
Transactions
6
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 79th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Fariha Ilyas do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Arya Akhavan, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $32.87 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$32.87
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 5,676 plastic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $311 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 42th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US plastic surgery doctors.
Payments to Arya Akhavan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Katherine Fung, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $54.36 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$54.36
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Katherine Fung do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kris Nathan, DO
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· $7,391 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$7,391
Total received
18
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 45,487 diagnostic radiology doctors we've analyzed, about 22% received any industry payment (median $144 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US diagnostic radiology doctors.
Payments to Kris Nathan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Danbee Kim, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Melissa Grigsby, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Timothy Satty, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Joseph Galloway, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $941.58 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$941.58
Total received
14
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 28,855 orthopaedic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 64% received any industry payment (median $545 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 74th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US orthopaedic surgery doctors.
Payments to Joseph Galloway do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Maninderpal Kaur, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $34.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$34.00
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 70th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Maninderpal Kaur do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Luka Petrovic, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Htay Htay Kyi, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $62.10 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$62.10
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 73th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Htay Htay Kyi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Angelica Fernandes, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Manan Shah, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sherley Marceus, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Christopher Nnaoma, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $5,074 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$5,074
Total received
13
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Christopher Nnaoma do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Emerson Franke, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $17.89 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$17.89
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Emerson Franke do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Courtney Giordano, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Priscilla Chow, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $2,690 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$2,690
Total received
73
Transactions
11
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Priscilla Chow do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ogechukwu Chika-Nwosuh, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $311.56 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$311.56
Total received
12
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Ogechukwu Chika-Nwosuh do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Hiamine Maass, DO
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Parth Shukla, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $15.73 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$15.73
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Parth Shukla do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James James, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Akiva Dym, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ryan Raffel, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $140.56 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$140.56
Total received
5
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 74th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Ryan Raffel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Alex Plamm, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $16.80 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$16.80
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 65th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Alex Plamm do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Rose Snyder, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $709.63 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$709.63
Total received
25
Transactions
12
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 90% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Rose Snyder do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Van Kenyon, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sukriti Bansal, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Syed Mustafa, MD
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· $400.61 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$400.61
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 45,487 diagnostic radiology doctors we've analyzed, about 22% received any industry payment (median $144 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US diagnostic radiology doctors.
Payments to Syed Mustafa do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Annette Mueller, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Joseph Ippolito, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $738.71 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$738.71
Total received
7
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 28,855 orthopaedic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 64% received any industry payment (median $545 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US orthopaedic surgery doctors.
Payments to Joseph Ippolito do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.