Doctors in Rockville, MD
1038 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 1 of 18.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Lester Zuckerman, MD
Pain Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ravi Passi, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $784,954 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$784,954
Total received
173
Transactions
23
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 100% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Ravi Passi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kelly Tanenholz, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $285.62 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$285.62
Total received
11
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Kelly Tanenholz do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Cary Brown, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $102.51 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$102.51
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 61th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Cary Brown do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Patricia Kellogg, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kelly Cowen, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $355.32 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$355.32
Total received
19
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Kelly Cowen do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Shishir Khetan, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $7,064,013 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$7,064,013
Total received
1,910
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 100% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Shishir Khetan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Asefa Mekonnen, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· $23,645 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$23,645
Total received
46
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,317 pulmonary disease doctors we've analyzed, about 54% received any industry payment (median $474 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pulmonary disease doctors.
Payments to Asefa Mekonnen do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Veronica Difresco, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Elizabeth Gantt, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Alan Pollack, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· $543,256 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$543,256
Total received
51
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,317 pulmonary disease doctors we've analyzed, about 54% received any industry payment (median $474 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 100% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pulmonary disease doctors.
Payments to Alan Pollack do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. William Silverman, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ira Berger, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· $141,530 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$141,530
Total received
33
Transactions
11
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,317 pulmonary disease doctors we've analyzed, about 54% received any industry payment (median $474 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pulmonary disease doctors.
Payments to Ira Berger do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lawrence Schainker, MD
Rheumatology
CMS Open Payments· $225.03 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$225.03
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 6,451 rheumatology doctors we've analyzed, about 56% received any industry payment (median $958 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 59th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US rheumatology doctors.
Payments to Lawrence Schainker do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. William Steinberg, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Prabaal Dey, MD
Pain Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Marc Loev, MD
Pain Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Stern, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· $79,684 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$79,684
Total received
20
Transactions
11
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 17,272 gastroenterology doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $623 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US gastroenterology doctors.
Payments to William Stern do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kevin Gil, MD
Geriatric Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $218.42 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$218.42
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 1,695 geriatric medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $122 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US geriatric medicine doctors.
Payments to Kevin Gil do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Vincent, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Wagner, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Philip Schwartz, MD
Nephrology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lalit Gupta, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Frauke Westphal, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sanders Berk, MD
Dermatology
CMS Open Payments· $188.77 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$188.77
Total received
5
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 16,166 dermatology doctors we've analyzed, about 64% received any industry payment (median $642 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 53th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US dermatology doctors.
Payments to Sanders Berk do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Josef Yeager, MD
Dermatology
CMS Open Payments· $45.05 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$45.05
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 16,166 dermatology doctors we've analyzed, about 64% received any industry payment (median $642 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 41th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US dermatology doctors.
Payments to Josef Yeager do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Sauri, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $638.78 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$638.78
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Michael Sauri do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Emma Diiorio, MD
Rheumatology
CMS Open Payments· $275.58 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$275.58
Total received
13
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 6,451 rheumatology doctors we've analyzed, about 56% received any industry payment (median $958 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 61th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US rheumatology doctors.
Payments to Emma Diiorio do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jason Brodsky, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $221.07 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$221.07
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 70th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Jason Brodsky do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Maria Santos, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $334.14 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$334.14
Total received
17
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Maria Santos do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Evan Siegel, MD
Rheumatology
CMS Open Payments· $96,792 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$96,792
Total received
113
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 6,451 rheumatology doctors we've analyzed, about 56% received any industry payment (median $958 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US rheumatology doctors.
Payments to Evan Siegel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mark Hendrix, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $151.15 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$151.15
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 57th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Mark Hendrix do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Joann Urquhart, MD
Infectious Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jay Bernstein, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sameer Sofat, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $359.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$359.43
Total received
18
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 59th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Sameer Sofat do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mo-Ping Chow, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Shubir Sofat, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $335.54 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$335.54
Total received
17
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 58th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Shubir Sofat do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Robert Chu, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $3,219 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$3,219
Total received
86
Transactions
14
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Robert Chu do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Stanislav Malov, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $13.92 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$13.92
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Stanislav Malov do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Bindu George, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Donald Charney, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Keith Hairston, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Glen Hessinger, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Roger Grayson, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Richard Meshulam, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $14.79 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$14.79
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Richard Meshulam do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Deepti Razdan, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Charles Rizzuto, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Marc Beck, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $39.62 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$39.62
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 82th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Marc Beck do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Patricia Nay, MD
Geriatric Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sung-Soo Hong, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lance Leithauser, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Heaton, Jr, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Alan Schulman, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Charles Lucey, MD
Preventive Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Brent Faulkner, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $378.23 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$378.23
Total received
11
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 5,676 plastic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $311 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US plastic surgery doctors.
Payments to Brent Faulkner do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Aglae Economides, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sheila Levin, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Eisdorfer, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Julia Korenman, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lawrence Bassin, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· $1,765 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,765
Total received
66
Transactions
20
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 17,272 gastroenterology doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $623 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US gastroenterology doctors.
Payments to Lawrence Bassin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.