Doctors in Edgewood, KY
372 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 1 of 7.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Jerome Schutzman, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $870.59 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$870.59
Total received
34
Transactions
11
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Jerome Schutzman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Darryl Dias, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,481 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,481
Total received
85
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 78th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Darryl Dias do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mark Jordan, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $335.53 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$335.53
Total received
24
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 58th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Mark Jordan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Vincent Bilotta, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Gordon Air, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Bruce Holladay, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $568.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$568.43
Total received
16
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 28,855 orthopaedic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 64% received any industry payment (median $545 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US orthopaedic surgery doctors.
Payments to Bruce Holladay do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Bever, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Paul Jacobs, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $365.09 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$365.09
Total received
16
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 86th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Paul Jacobs do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Gerwe, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $18.08 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$18.08
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 56th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Michael Gerwe do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Darpel, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $434.31 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$434.31
Total received
16
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to John Darpel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Bardgett, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $88.39 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$88.39
Total received
5
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 60th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to James Bardgett do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Davenport, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $5,072 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$5,072
Total received
27
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Michael Davenport do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Adam Crawford, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Kirkwood, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Jackson, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $104.35 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$104.35
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 70th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to John Jackson do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Thomas Due, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sidney Trogdon, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $248.91 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$248.91
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Sidney Trogdon do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Grefer, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Gregory Sweeney, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael O'Brien, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Richard Hoblitzell, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Damodhar Suresh, MD
Infectious Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,763 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,763
Total received
71
Transactions
14
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 3,681 infectious disease doctors we've analyzed, about 83% received any industry payment (median $1,189 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 66th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US infectious disease doctors.
Payments to Damodhar Suresh do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lea Hayag-Thomas, MD
Psychiatry
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Stephen Bernardon, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $197.91 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$197.91
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Stephen Bernardon do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Anthony France, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Ganim, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Peter Goodwin, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Aimee Heis, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Bracken, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Daniel Brunner, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Christopher Caggiano, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Holly Danneman, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $30.73 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$30.73
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Holly Danneman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Laroy Kendall, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Rachel Lehmkuhl, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Marleen Johnson, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $210.59 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$210.59
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Marleen Johnson do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Mcclurg, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $459.78 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$459.78
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Michael Mcclurg do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mark Grever, DO
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Herbert Gilliam, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lawrence Levine, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sanjoydeb Mukherjee, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Dianna Perazzo, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Stanforth, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $197.24 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$197.24
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to David Stanforth do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Sherman, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jon Schott, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Lubbers, MD
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Kerman, MD
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kevin Martin, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $138.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$138.00
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 65th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to Kevin Martin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lawrence Brennan, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Harel Rachovitsky, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $17.97 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$17.97
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 74th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Harel Rachovitsky do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Douglas Flora, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· $195.54 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$195.54
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 11,711 hematology & oncology doctors we've analyzed, about 62% received any industry payment (median $1,465 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 53th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US hematology & oncology doctors.
Payments to Douglas Flora do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. William Danneman, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Paul Houlihan, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,667 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,667
Total received
118
Transactions
12
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 80th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Paul Houlihan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kenneth Heberling, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $470.61 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$470.61
Total received
5
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Kenneth Heberling do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kevin Miller, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $742.44 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$742.44
Total received
56
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Kevin Miller do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Edward Hall, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mary Redden- Borowski, MD
Medical Oncology
CMS Open Payments· $119.70 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$119.70
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 4,060 medical oncology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $4,500 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 49th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US medical oncology doctors.
Payments to Mary Redden- Borowski do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Winkelmann, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· $46.35 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$46.35
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 11,711 hematology & oncology doctors we've analyzed, about 62% received any industry payment (median $1,465 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 44th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US hematology & oncology doctors.
Payments to John Winkelmann do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Manish Bhandari, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jackson Pemberton, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jeffrey Whitsett, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $3,304 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$3,304
Total received
5
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Jeffrey Whitsett do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.