Cardiovascular Disease in Naples, FL
47 verified cardiovascular disease doctors in Naples.
Cardiologists diagnose and treat conditions of the heart and blood vessels, including heart disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Robert Baily, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Gregory Bernath, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $2,121 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$2,121
Total received
26
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 82th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Gregory Bernath do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Carlo Santos-Ocampo, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $99.32 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$99.32
Total received
4
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 45th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Carlo Santos-Ocampo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. David Axline, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $3,002 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$3,002
Total received
33
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to David Axline do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Herman Spilker, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ronald Caputo, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $6,039 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$6,039
Total received
58
Transactions
20
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Ronald Caputo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Louis Wasserman, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $592.99 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$592.99
Total received
23
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 66th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Louis Wasserman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Flynn, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $689.26 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$689.26
Total received
21
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 68th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Michael Flynn do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Vinh Luu, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $201.06 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$201.06
Total received
14
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 52th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Vinh Luu do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sonjai Bhatia, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $132.17 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$132.17
Total received
6
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 48th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Sonjai Bhatia do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. William Oneill, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $733,518 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$733,518
Total received
189
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 100% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to William Oneill do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mahmoud Adam, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Luis Rechani, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $16,270 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$16,270
Total received
92
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Luis Rechani do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Maurice Schneider, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Bruce Gelinas, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $166.92 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$166.92
Total received
8
Transactions
6
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 50th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Bruce Gelinas do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Larry Leslie, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,185 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,185
Total received
49
Transactions
15
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 76th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Larry Leslie do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Francis Schwerin, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Stone, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $21.51 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$21.51
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 37th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to David Stone do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Alberto Rotsztain, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $364.12 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$364.12
Total received
13
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 59th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Alberto Rotsztain do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Talano, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $17,427 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$17,427
Total received
26
Transactions
12
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to James Talano do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Robert Goodin, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mouhannad Dalao, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $158.38 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$158.38
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 50th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Mouhannad Dalao do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Richard Prewitt, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $294.09 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$294.09
Total received
10
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 57th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Richard Prewitt do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Randolph Panetta, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $84.81 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$84.81
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 44th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Randolph Panetta do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lawrence Harris, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jane Silverstein, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Francis Boucek, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Carl Orringer, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $144.97 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$144.97
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 49th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Carl Orringer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Raja Maddipoti, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $26.99 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$26.99
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 38th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Raja Maddipoti do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Venable, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Silvio Travalia, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $176.15 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$176.15
Total received
10
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 51th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Silvio Travalia do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Steve Lebhar, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $249.73 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$249.73
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 55th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Steve Lebhar do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Dee Dee Wang, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $20,246 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$20,246
Total received
23
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Dee Dee Wang do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Samantha Sublette, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $9,296 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$9,296
Total received
72
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 90% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Samantha Sublette do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Andrew Yin, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,471 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,471
Total received
42
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 78th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Andrew Yin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sajan Rao, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $5,619 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$5,619
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Sajan Rao do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Shona Velamakanni, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $199.84 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$199.84
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 52th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Shona Velamakanni do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Peter Foster, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Hillary Tassin, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $556.26 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$556.26
Total received
10
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 65th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Hillary Tassin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ryan Houk, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $747.58 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$747.58
Total received
24
Transactions
11
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Ryan Houk do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Hashem Azad, DO
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $842.38 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$842.38
Total received
29
Transactions
14
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Hashem Azad do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jason May, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Hany Elmahdy, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $422.69 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$422.69
Total received
12
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 61th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Hany Elmahdy do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Diana Miranda Ruiz, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $902.60 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$902.60
Total received
34
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Diana Miranda Ruiz do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Deya Alkhatib, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,606 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,606
Total received
5
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 79th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Deya Alkhatib do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.